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臺中市立文華高級中等學校 111 學年度第 1 次教師甄選
英文科專業知能試題本(部分試題)
一、選擇題 (共 50 分) 
I. Vocabulary (12%)
1. It was stunning when the YouTuber introduced the _______ sea-facing apartment, which was worth more than two billion dollars.
(A) viable (B) finite (C) lavish (D) rigid

2. When the boundary dispute between these two countries _______, an imminent war seems to be unavoidable.
(A) culminates (B) navigates (C) reconciles (D) extricates

3. A meeting which was scheduled today has been postponed due to the sudden _______ of the chairperson. His death came as a great shock to everyone.
(A) attire (B) quiver (C) demise (D) valve

4. In the Greek mythology, Prometheus tricked Zeus for mankind’s benefit, thus _______ his wrath, and he then was severely punished.
(A) incurring (B) hitching (C) lamenting (D) shafting

5. The senator, who looked gentle and upright, was accused of _______. It appalled everyone that he had set fire to the house of a witness, who just saw him hit and run the night before.
(A) arson (B) incest (C) despotism (D) nepotism

6. To make her pronunciation more _______, my sister watched English TV series, listened to the characters speak carefully, and imitated their pronunciation line by line. Now, she speaks without any accent.
(A) impalpable (B) impeccable (C) impetuous (D) implacable

7. In most countries, people reaching the legal age have the right to vote. However, _______ was not available for women until the late 19th century and became universal after WWI.
(A) alimony (B) autonomy (C) custody (D) suffrage

8. The company’s announcement of the new construction project has received _______ support from local residents, so it is rumored that the executive team is considering canceling it.
(A) sedentary (B) germane (C) lukewarm (D) vehement

9. Do you know there’s a(n) _______ in this non-fiction best-seller? It is mentioned that nuclear weapons were produced in the early 18th century.
(A) euphemisms (B) metabolism (C) anachronism (D) hooliganism

測驗說明:本測驗共有兩部分，含選擇題及非選擇題。選擇題共計 40 題，共 50分，答案請劃記在答案卡上。非選擇題共 2 大題，共 50 分，答案請直接寫在答案卷上，並請清楚標記題號。
 

10. At the 2019 Cannes Film Festival, all jury members were fascinated by Bong Joon-ho’s black comedy thriller Parasite. During the discussion, they reached a _______ agreement that the film was the best among all the films in competition and should be awarded the highest prize.
(A) capricious (B) tenacious (C) unanimous (D) veracious

11. My supervisor’s tendency to _______ makes him an unsuitable leader of the group. Unfortunately, my boss can’t see his indecisiveness and still entrusts him with several important projects.
(A) subjugate (B) vacillate (C) patronize (D) incarcerate

12. At first, we started playing the audio book in our car out of boredom during the 3-hour ride, but we ended up being so _______ by it that we couldn’t leave the car when arriving at the destination.
(A) concocted (B) enthralled (C) thwarted (D) gnawed
 

II. Cloze Test (10%)
Islands are considered natural laboratories to study evolutionary questions. One of the most striking patterns described on islands is the 13 for species to become giants or dwarfs in comparison with mainland relatives. Dwarf hippos and elephants in the Mediterranean islands, or even our miniature relative Homo floresiensis on the Indonesian island of Flores, are examples of dwarfism. 14 , small mainland species may evolve into giants after colonizing islands, giving rise to such oddities as the St Kilda field mouse (twice the size of its mainland ancestor), the infamous dodo of Mauritius (a giant pigeon), and the Komodo dragon. While this phenomenon was first described by Foster back in 1964, it took a few years until Van Valen 15 the term ‘island rule’ in 1973. Yet, whether the island rule is a term to describe occasional evolutionary 16 or a more general phenomenon has been a subject of much debate. Hundreds of studies in the last 40 years either supported or rejected the rule, providing no clear 17 . Perhaps most concerningly, a systematic review published in 2018 suggested there were strong author-related biases in the way that the island rule was supported or rejected, with clusters of authors consistently supporting or not supporting the hypothesis. 
13. (A) terrain (B) textile (C) thrust (D) tendency

14. (A) In other words (B) On the other hand (C) As an alternative (D) On top of that

15. (A) coined (B) scraped (C) undid (D) mashed

16. (A) knacks (B) latitudes (C) flukes (D) parleys

17. (A) consensus (B) repertoire (C) incidence (D) eloquence

Can brain size increase your chance of survival? According to a recent research based on the crania of 291 existing mammals and 50 similar ones whose owners went extinct during the Late Quaternary, having a smaller brain predisposed the relevant species 18 extinction,. The researchers’ conclusion may sound intuitive: Big-brained animal adapts or gets out of the way. But there’s much more to the story. It’s not a given that a big brain 19 evolutionary advantage. Big brains actually come at a cost because of the amount of energy they consume. Also, big-brained animals tend to live longer and have fewer offspring 20 they make more of an investment of 
time and effort—this can diminish survival probability under pressure. 21 , species with bigger brains would theoretically be more flexible in their behavior and more competent to cope with the rapidly changing conditions in the Late Quaternary. In other words, the conditions selected for the smartest of the pack. This theory is supported by evidence that among birds and mammals today, relatively large brains have been found to improve 22 in novel conditions and when the animal is threatened, thanks to behavioral flexibility. It seems that brain size does matter.
18. (A) on (B) from (C) to (D) for
19. (A) confers (B) refers (C) infers (D) defers
20. (A) which (B) in which (C) who (D) with whom
21. (A) Accordingly (B) Furthermore (C) That said (D) Above all
22. (A) convertibility (B) accountability (C) manipulability (D) survivability
 

III. Contextual Matching (8%)

Are some people resistant to COVID-19? After dodging COVID-19 several times during the pandemic, flight attendant Angeliki Kaoukaki wondered if she was a medical 23 . But she’s possibly among a small group of people who might have genetic resistance to the virus. Scientists are now racing to understand how such resistance to COVID-19 could work—and whether the trait can be 24 to develop new drugs against the disease.

Kaoukaki had already worked alongside other cabin crew members who tested positive without getting sick herself. Then in July 2021 Kaoukaki’s partner 25 a severe case of COVID-19 with high fever and unbearable pain that lasted nearly 10 days. Kaoukaki showed no symptoms, despite the fact that the pair isolated together for two weeks in their studio apartment in Athens, Greece. 

She continued to test negative on multiple PCR and rapid antigen tests, and a test she took 23 days after her partner’s confirmed infection 26 no antibodies in her blood.

“Every day I heard [from doctors] that maybe you have COVID,” she says, “but again and again, I tested negative.”

Despite both being vaccinated, her partner got COVID-19 again during the Omicron wave in January. Kaoukaki isolated with him for five days and again showed no symptoms and continued to 
test negative for the virus. That’s when she began to 27 an explanation.An online article led her to Evangelos Andreakos, an immunologist at the Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens. He is part of an international 28 called the COVID Human Genetic Effort that has been looking for genetic variations that might reveal why some people never get COVID-19. 

Although Andreakos and his colleagues didn’t expect to find many such individuals for their study, they were overwhelmed with emails from at least 5,000 volunteers worldwide with stories similar to Kaoukaki’s. Using saliva samples from the 20 percent of people who met their study criteria, Andreakos and his team will be scanning the protein-coding regions of genes in their DNA to spot any 29 that may be absent in the genetic sequences from patients who had severe or moderate cases of COVID-19. The hope is that some of these people 30 the secret to COVID-19 resistance.

“We expect it to be a rare population,” Andreakos says. “But there are precedents.”
 

IV. Reading Comprehension (20%)
The Ministry of Education in 2019 implemented a 12-year compulsory curriculum, also called the “108 curriculum.” Under the scheme, university admission requires not only taking the General Scholastic Ability Test, but also submitting an electronic learning portfolio, which includes records of courses, extracurricular activities and a catalog of experiences that a student acquires during the final three years of high school.

The portfolio is meant to reduce emphasis on test-oriented education by relieving the pressure of achieving high marks on exams. It is meant to help students present themselves to universities in the way a resume presents the best side of a person to an employer. This means that students need to begin exploring their interests and passions early in their high-school years by taking part in activities and groups.

The National Federation of Teachers’ Unions had concerns. For example, it said that National Taipei University of Technology was using the learning portfolio to create a commodity. The school was reportedly offering a five-day course priced at NT$8,000 to teach students how to prepare their portfolio documents and perform in an oral interview.

Although the university pulled the course from its Web site, the course was criticized for contravening admission ethics and turning the portfolio into an “arms race.” Parents, teachers and students have shared concerns about the necessity and fairness of the portfolio since it was launched. One criticism is that the portfolio favors wealthy families who can pay to put their children through elite extracurricular activities. Students from affluent families could send their children abroad to study during summer breaks, or enroll them in courses that offer respected certificates. Another concern is that families in urban areas are said to have an advantage over those 
in rural regions, given the opportunities and resources available in cities. A gap between private and public education also provides uncertainty. Private schools reportedly put more effort into motivating students to build their portfolios, partly by requiring a minimum number of activities to be completed each semester. Teachers have concerns about how to coach students to write the reflections and essays the portfolio requires. Others wonder how seriously university professors would consider these writings during the admissions process.

For students, their workload becomes more burdensome. They must juggle academic subjects while feeling required to feign passion in subjects in which they might have no interest. In other cases, students might feel compelled to divert energy away from their true interests, and toward more rigorous clubs and activities that might look better in their portfolio. One student said that the submission process was like turning their life into a story that could be compared with those of their peers.

While the portfolio of the “108 curriculum” was designed with good intentions, the ministry must monitor how the program is carried out, and whether its unintended consequences outweigh its proposed benefits.

31. How does the author shift the tones throughout the article?
(A) Judgmental → Apprehensive → Impartial → Sympathetic.
(B) Judgmental → Sympathetic → Apprehensive → Impartial.
(C) Impartial → Judgmental → Apprehensive → Sympathetic.
(D) Impartial → Apprehensive → Sympathetic → Judgmental.

32. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word “contravening” in the fourth paragraph?
(A) To do something that a law or rule does not allow.
(B) To think that someone has done something wrong.
(C) To prevent something from continuing as expected.
(D) To intentionally become involved in a difficult situation.

In 2019, as Americans tuned in to the final episode of Game of Thrones, Japan was indulging in the world of a television hit, I Will Not Work Overtime, Period!. The TV show features a heroine,Yui Higashiyama, a 30-something project manager who wants nothing more than to get out of the office on time and into her favorite bar for happy hour. This rocks the fictional web design firm 
where she works—how could she dare to leave work at 6 p.m. sharp? 

In Japan, workers put in some of the world’s longest hours. In 2017 alone, over a quarter of the country’s full-time employees worked an average of more than 49 hours a week, according to a government report, effectively working six out of seven days. In some extreme cases, that commitment to the workplace can lead to death. In 2017, government data showed, overwork claimed 190 lives—in the form of exhaustion, heart attacks, suicides—a figure that has stayed more or less constant over the last decade.

The reasons people work so much are complex, said Yoshie Komuro, chief executive of Work Life Balance, a consulting firm that helps employers reduce their employees’ overtime. In addition to cultural attitudes about the value of hard work, some employers reduce costs by relying on overtime, and employees work longer hours for the extra pay and to please the boss—promotions often depend more on time spent at a desk than actual productivity. “I was extremely conscious that taking a break meant slacking off,” said Kaeruko Akeno, a writer whose novel inspired the show. “It took such a long time for me to accept the fact that it’s O.K. to not work on weekends or on weekday nights.” 

Ms. Akeno based the novel on her own experiences of office life in Japan. When Ms. Akeno graduated from college in the early 2000s, Japan was in a deep slowdown, and work was hard to find. Many people her age ended up bouncing between temp jobs or dropping out of the workforce entirely. People who came of age at the time “have insecurities about employment,” she said. “We fear that if we aren’t useful to companies, we will be discarded.”

The Japanese government has now taken measures to reduce long hours and change cultural norms around work. For instance, a new law took effect limiting overtime to no more than 45 hours a month and 360 hours per year, barring special circumstances. And Japan’s Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry has promoted a program called Premium Fridays, asking employers to let employees leave a few hours early on the last Friday of every month.

Even though the government and younger workers are pushing for shorter work days, older employees who were raised on the idea that work trumps all just can’t seem to get comfortable with the idea of working a 40-hour week. What holds her co-workers back are employees and supervisors who simply cannot stop themselves. “Ultimately, the system always depends on someone pushing themselves to the limit,” one fan wrote on Twitter. “The problem is the Japanese system of work, where excess is the norm.” Ms. Akeno said that culture permeated other parts of Japanese life. “What is considered honorable isn’t how much you achieve, but how you manage to never take a rest,” she said.

When TBS announced the show’s title, some online commentators were appalled. “They were like, ‘Isn’t going home on time normal?’” said Junko Arai, the show’s producer. “‘If something so obvious is the basis for a drama, Japan’s in serious trouble.’”

33. Even if the Japanese government has taken action to stop people from working too long, people insist on doing this. What is the reason for such a phenomenon?
(A) The government’s policies fail to work and backfire.
(B) The company still does not allow workers to leave early.
(C) The idea of working long hours is ingrained in Japanese people.
(D) The Japanese really like their jobs and are willing to work overtime.

34. What can be inferred from Junko Arai’s quotation “If something so obvious is the basis for a drama, Japan’s in serious trouble.” in the last paragraph?
(A) It is now considered abnormal to work overtime.
(B) The problem of working overtime is getting worse.
(C) The problem of working overtime has not yet improved.
(D) The Japanese do not take working overtime as unusual.

Social scientists have long debated what drives human behavior. Do ideas, symbols, and beliefs influence behavior? Or are the forces of action and history less ethereal: money, circumstance, and opportunity, with culture a distant second? Scholars in the first camp are culturalists; in the second, materialists. 

In Rule Makers, Rule Breakers, the psychologist Michele Gelfand sides with the culturalists. In this book, her aim is to draw attention to one aspect she believes has been ignored: the social norms —or the often informal rules of conduct, the dos and don’ts, the sources of tsking and raised eyebrows —that emerge whenever people band together. According to Gelfand, cultures range from “tight” to “loose” in terms of adherence to rules. “Tight cultures,” she observes, “have strong social norms and little tolerance for deviance, while loose cultures have weak social norms and are highly permissive.”
Gelfand argues that mapping the tightness or looseness of cultures of various groups — nations, regions, social classes, corporations, and friendship circles — helps explain otherwise inexplicable 
phenomena. After examining societal norms, she broadens her analysis to include authoritarianism, inequality, political polarization and even the happiness of individuals.

Take authoritarianism as an example: Why did Egyptians vote overwhelmingly for Abdel Fattah el-Sisi in that country’s 2014 presidential election, choosing to be led by an autocrat just a few years after the democratic hopefulness of the Arab Spring? Gelfand argues that whatever a country’s baseline level of constraint (Egypt’s religious conservatism would put it near the tight end of the spectrum), it can adjust in response to shifting conditions. Threats, such as social instability, cause tightening. So it was in Egypt, she claims. The ouster of Hosni Mubarak and the political chaos that ensued sent Egypt’s society into a tailspin, leaving voters yearning for a strongman who could assert control and bring back order.

Making sense of long-term patterns in cultural tightness and looseness through the lenses of evolutionary anthropology, Gelfand observes that humans have evolved to be highly sensitive to rules, which provide a major evolutionary advantage as a way to facilitate collaboration. Gelfand’s research shows that when faced with natural challenges, high population density, and external dangers, civilizations tend to tighten up.

Despite the context she offers for how norms evolved, Gelfand consistently ignores materialist explanations for the various phenomena she investigates. Sure, aspirant strongmen can and do exploit voters’ anxieties about instability and change. But another crucial element in explaining why Sisi, Egypt’s former minister of defense, won 96 percent of the vote is that the military, determined to maintain its grip on the country and to keep billions of dollars in foreign aid flowing, banned the main opposition, the Muslim Brotherhood, after deposing Mohamed Morsi, the inept but democraticallyelected Islamist president who followed Mubarak in office.

The fact of the matter is that the very best research done today by social scientists straddles the culturalist-materialist divide. This work—Matthew Desmond on urban housing, Mario Luis Small on social networks and inequality, Kathryn Edin on poverty—highlights multi-factor causes and the intertwining of cultural and material influences. “Rule Makers, Rule Breakers” could have benefited 
from some of the same equilibrium and nuance.

35. Which of the following is the best title for this passage?
(A) Are Social Norms the Key to Explaining Human Behavior? 
(B) When Cultures Are ‘Tightened,’ Authoritarianism Ensues 
(C) Three Factors to Consider When it Comes to Egypt’s 2014 Election
(D) Is Your Culture ‘Tight’ or ‘Loose’?: A Culturalist-Materialist Debate

36. According to Michele Gelfand, which of the following is NOT true?
(A) Social norms play a crucial role in explaining a variety of social phenomena.
(B) Humans’ sensitivity to rules benefits us because it helps us collaborate better.
(C) Sisi won Egypt’s presidential election since the military deposed Mubarak.
(D) Tight cultures have strict social rules and little tolerance for people to break them.

37. Why do the author mention the names of other scholars in the last paragraph? 
(A) To offer a list of further readings associated with materialist views.
(B) To inform readers of other better studies on the same subject.
(C) To show the author’s discontent about culturalist-materialist divide.
(D) To argue in favor of a more balanced approach to social studies.

More than 10 million adults in the United States suffer from some sort of phobia. These exaggerated fears—whether of spiders, needles, snakes, heights, social situations or even public spaces—can become so all-consuming that they interfere with daily life. What exactly is phobia? A phobia is an excessive and irrational fear reaction. If you have a phobia, you may experience a deepsense of dread or panic when you encounter the source of your fear. The fear can be of a certain place, situation, or object. Unlike general anxiety disorders, a phobia is usually connected to something specific and the impact of a phobia can range from annoying to severely disabling. People with phobias often realize their fear is irrational, but they’re unable to do anything about it. Such fears can interfere with work, school, and personal relationships. Seek the help of a doctor if 
you have a fear that prevents you from leading your fullest life.

The good news is that over the past several decades, psychologists and other researchers have developed some effective behavioral and pharmacological treatments for phobia, as well as technological interventions. Now researchers are taking the next step, says psychologist and phobia researcher Arne Ö hman, PhD, of the clinical neuroscience department at the Karolinska Institute in Sweden. They are using neuroimaging techniques like positron-emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to understand the brain circuitry that underlies 
phobia and what happens in the brain during treatment. They’re finding that the amygdala—a small, almond-shaped structure in the middle of the brain's temporal lobes—is a key player, and that malfunctions of the amygdala and associated brain structures may give rise to many phobias. Still, researchers have yet to work out the details of how this happens.

In addition, genetic and environmental factors are also found to cause phobias. Children who have a close relative with an anxiety disorder are at risk of developing a phobia. Distressing events, such as nearly drowning, can bring on a phobia. Exposure to confined spaces, extreme heights, and animal or insect bites can all be sources of phobias. People with ongoing medical conditions or health concerns often have phobias. There’s a high incidence of people developing phobias after traumatic brain injuries. Substance abuse and depression are also connected to phobias. Phobias have different symptoms from serious mental illnesses such as schizophrenia. In schizophrenia, people have visual and auditory hallucinations, delusions, paranoia, negative symptoms such as anhedonia, and disorganized symptoms. Phobias may be irrational, but people with phobias do not fail reality testing. 

38. Based on the passage, what is the difference between phobias and anxiety disorders?
(A) There is always a reason behind a phobia, but not an anxiety disorder.
(B) Even a doctor cannot provide any help to treat people with a phobia.
(C) Phobias have a greater impact on one’s life than anxiety disorders.
(D) A phobia may stem from something that does exist in the real life.

39. From the passage, how do PET and fMRI facilitate the research into phobias?
(A) Researchers have thus come up with some new ways to treat phobias.
(B) They have helped find amygdala plays a part in many phobias. 
(C) Sufficient details of how phobias occur have been provided.
(D) In Sweden people with phobias can be completely cured.

40. Based on the reading, which of the following may NOT be a symptom of people with phobias?
(A) Panic inside an elevator.
(B) Shake all over at high places.
(C) Hear sounds out of nowhere.
(D) Pass out when spotting a spider

參考答案

I. Vocabulary (12%)
1-5 6-10 11-12
CACAA BDCCC BB
II. Cloze Test (10%)
13-17 18-22
DBACA CABCD
III. Contextual Matching (8%)
23-26 27-30
A/E/C/BC AB/B/AC/D
IV. Reading Comprehension (20%)
31-32 33-34 35-37 38-40
DA CD ACD DBC